Please contact this domain's administrator as their DNS Made Easy services have expired Un libro è un insieme di fogli, stampati oppure manoscritti, delle stesse dimensioni, rilegati insieme in un certo ordine e racchiusi da una copertina.. Il libro è il veicolo più diffuso del sapere. L'insieme delle opere stampate, inclusi i libri, è detto letteratura.I libri sono pertanto opere blogger.com biblioteconomia e scienza dell'informazione un libro è detto monografia, per Orson Scott Card's The Last Shadow is the long-awaited conclusion to both the original Ender series and the Ender's Shadow series, as the children of Ender and Bean solve the great problem of the Ender Universe—the deadly virus they call the descolada, which is incurable and will kill all of humanity if it is allowed to escape from Lusitania. One planet
- #adessonews adessonews adesso news Finanziamenti Agevolazioni Norme e Tributi
Vichy France French : Régime de Vichy ; 10 July — 9 August is the common name of the French State État français headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
The regime was authoritarianxenophobicantisemitic and traditionalist in nature. Officially independent, it adopted professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement policy of collaboration with Nazi Germanyprofessional resume writing services 7th arrondissement, which occupied its northern and western portions before occupying the remainder of Metropolitan France in November Though Paris was ostensibly its capital, the Vichy government established itself in the resort town of Vichy in the unoccupied "Free Zone" zone librewhere it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its colonies, professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement.
The Third French Republic had begun the war in September on the side of the Allies. On 10 Mayit was invaded by Nazi Germany. The Nazis rapidly broke through the Allied lines by bypassing the highly-fortified Maginot Line and invading through Belgium. By mid-June, professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement military situation of the French was dire, and it was apparent that the battle for Metropolitan France could not be won.
The French government began to discuss the possibility of an armistice. Paul Reynaud resigned as prime minister, rather than sign an armistice, and was replaced by Marshal Philippe Pétaina hero of World War I. Shortly thereafter, Pétain signed the Armistice of 22 June On 10 July, the Third Republic was effectively dissolved as Pétain was granted dictatorial powers by the National Assembly. At Vichy, Pétain established an authoritarian government that reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy, professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement.
Conservative Catholics became prominent, [4] and Paris lost its avant-garde status in European art and culture. The media were tightly controlled and promoted anti-Semitism and, after Operation Barbarossa started in Juneanti-Bolshevism.
Despite heavy pressure, professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement, the French government at Vichy never joined the Axis powers and even remained formally at war with Germany. Conversely, Vichy France became a collaborationist regime. The official postwar French position was that Vichy was a German puppet state.
Historians have since the s rejected that position by arguing, "Vichy had a political agenda of its own, which it pursued without the slightest pressure from Germany". French soldiers were kept hostage to ensure that Vichy would reduce its military forces and pay a heavy tribute in gold, food and supplies to Germany. French police were ordered to round up Jews and other "undesirables" such as communists and political refugees, and at least 72, Jews were killed as a result.
Most of the French public initially supported the regime, but opinion gradually turned against the French government and the occupying German forces when it became clear that Germany was losing the war, and living conditions in France were becoming increasingly difficult. The French Resistanceworking largely in concert with Charles de Gaulle 's movement outside the country, increased in strength over the course of the occupation.
After the Allied invasion of Normandy in June and the liberation of France later that year, the Free French Provisional Government of the French Republic GPRF was installed as the new national government, led by de Gaulle, professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement. The last of the Vichy exiles were captured in the Sigmaringen enclave in April Pétain was put on trial for treason by the new Provisional Government, and sentenced to death, but that was commuted to life imprisonment by de Gaulle.
Only four senior Vichy officials were tried for crimes against humanity although many others had participated in the deportation of Jews for internment in Nazi concentration campsabuses of prisoners and severe acts against members of the Resistance. Inprofessional resume writing services 7th arrondissement, Marshal Pétain was known as a World War I hero, who was the victor of the Battle of Verdun.
Professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement the last French prime minister of the Third Republic, he was a reactionary by inclination and blamed the Third Republic's democracy for France's sudden defeat by Germany. He set up a paternalistic authoritarian regime that actively collaborated with Germany, despite Vichy's official neutrality. The Vichy government co-operated with the Nazis' racial policies.
After the National Assembly under the Third Republic voted to give full powers to Philippe Pétain on 10 Julythe name République française French Republic disappeared from all official documents. From then on, professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement, the regime was referred to officially as the État Français French State. Because of its unique situation in professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement history of France, its contested legitimacy [1] and the generic nature of its official name, the "French State" is most often represented in English by the synonyms "Vichy France"; "Vichy regime"; "government of Vichy"; or, in context, simply "Vichy".
The territory under the control of the Vichy government was the unoccupied southern portion of Metropolitan France south of the Line of Demarcationas established by the Armistice of 22 Juneand the overseas French territories, such as French North Africa, which was "an integral part of Vichy" and where all antisemitic Vichy's laws were also implemented.
This was called the Unbesetztes Gebiet Unoccupied Zone by the Germans, and known as the Zone libre Free Zone in France, or less formally as the "Southern Zone" zone du sud especially after Operation Antonthe invasion of the Zone libre by German forces in November Other contemporary colloquial terms for the Zone libre were based on abbreviation and wordplay, such as the "zone nono", for the non-occupied Zone. In theory, the civil jurisdiction of the Vichy government extended over most of Metropolitan FranceFrench Algeriathe French protectorate in Moroccothe French protectorate of Tunisia and the rest of the French colonial empire that accepted the authority of Vichy; only the disputed border territory of Alsace-Lorraine was placed under direct German administration.
Since Hitler's overall territorial ambitions were not limited to recovering Alsace-Lorraine, and Britain was never brought to terms, those peace negotiations never took place. The Nazis had some intention of annexing a large swath of northeastern Franceprofessional resume writing services 7th arrondissement, replacing that region's inhabitants with German settlers, and initially forbade French refugees from returning to the region, but the restrictions were never thoroughly enforced and were basically abandoned following the invasion of the Soviet Unionwhich had the effect of turning German territorial ambitions almost exclusively to the East.
German troops guarding the boundary line of the northeastern Zone interdite were withdrawn on the night of 17—18 Decemberbut the line remained in place on paper for the remainder of the occupation. Nevertheless, effectively Alsace-Lorraine was annexed: German law applied to the region, its inhabitants were conscripted into the Wehrmacht [ citation needed ] [12] and pointedly the customs posts separating France from Germany were placed back where they had been between and Similarly, a sliver of French territory in the Alps was under direct Italian administration from June to September Throughout the rest of the country, civil servants were under the formal authority of French ministers in Vichy.
German laws took precedence over French laws in the occupied territories, and the Germans often rode roughshod over the sensibilities of Vichy administrators. On 11 Novemberfollowing the landing of the Allies in North Africa Operation Torchthe Axis launched Operation Antonoccupying southern France and disbanding the strictly limited " Armistice Army " that Vichy had been allowed by the armistice.
Vichy's claim to be the legitimate French government was denied by Free France and by all subsequent French governments [1] after the war. They maintain that Vichy was an illegal government run by traitorshaving come to power through an unconstitutional coup d'état. Pétain was constitutionally appointed prime minister by President Lebrun on 16 June and he was legally within his rights to sign the armistice with Germany, however, his decision to ask the National Assembly to dissolve itself while granting him dictatorial powers has been more controversial.
Historians have particularly debated the circumstances of the vote by the National Assembly of the Third Republic granting full powers to Pétain on 10 July The main arguments advanced against Vichy's right to incarnate the continuity of the French state were based on the pressure exerted by Pierre Laval, a former prime minister in the Third Republic, on the deputies in Vichy and on the absence of 27 deputies and senators who had fled on the ship Massilia and so could not take part in the vote.
However, during the war, professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement, the Vichy government was internationally recognisedprofessional resume writing services 7th arrondissement, [13] notably by the United States [14] and several other major Allied powers.
Julian T. Jackson wrote, "There seems little doubt that at the beginning Vichy was both legal and legitimate". He stated that if legitimacy comes from popular support, Pétain's massive popularity in France until made his government legitimate, and if legitimacy comes from diplomatic recognition, over 40 countries, including the United States, Canada, and China, recognised the Vichy government.
According to Jackson, de Gaulle 's Free French acknowledged the weakness of its case against Vichy's legality by citing multiple dates 16 June, 23 June and 10 July for the start of Vichy's illegitimate rule implying that at least for some time, Vichy was still legitimate. Supporters of Vichy point out that the grant of governmental powers was voted by a joint session of both chambers of the Third Republic Parliament the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies in keeping with the constitutional law.
The Vichy regime sought an anti-modern counter-revolution. The traditionalist right in France, with strength in the aristocracy and among Catholics, had never accepted the republican traditions of the French Revolution but demanded a return to traditional lines of culture and religion. Professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement embraced authoritarianism while dismissing democracy. Vichy was intensely anticommunist and generally pro-German; American historian Stanley G.
Payne found that it was "distinctly rightist and authoritarian but never fascist ". The Vichy government tried to assert its legitimacy by symbolically connecting itself with the Gallo-Roman period of France's history, and celebrated the Gaulish chieftain Vercingetorix as the "founder" of the nation. To advance his message, Pétain frequently spoke on French radio. In his radio speeches, Pétain always used the personal pronoun jeportrayed himself as a Christ-like figure sacrificing himself for France and assuming a God-like tone of a semi-omniscient narrator who knew truths about the world that the rest of the French did not.
During his radio speeches, the entire French Third Republic era was always painted in the blackest of colours as a time of décadence "decadence" when the French people were alleged to have suffered moral degeneration and decline. Summarising Pétain's speeches, the British historian Christopher Flood wrote that Pétain blamed la décadence on "political and economic liberalism, with its divisive, individualistic and hedonistic values—locked in sterile rivalry with its antithetical outgrowths, Socialism and Communism".
Joan of Arc replaced Marianne as the national symbol of France under Vichy, as her status as one of France's best-loved heroines gave her widespread appeal, and the image of Joan as a devout Catholic and patriot also fit well with Vichy's traditionalist message. Vichy literature portrayed Joan as an archetypal virgin and Marianne as an archetypal whore. But nevertheless, girls should preferably exercise the virtues of patience, persistence and resignation.
They are destined to tend to the running of the household It is in love that our future mothers will find the strength to practise those virtues which best befit their sex and their condition". The key component of Vichy's ideology was Anglophobia. Such a harsh critique of French society could generate only so much support, and as such Vichy blamed French problems on various "enemies" of France, the chief of which was Britain, the "eternal enemy" that had supposedly conspired via Masonic lodges to professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement France and then to pressure France into declaring war on Germany in No other nation was attacked as frequently and violently as Britain was in Vichy propaganda.
France declared war on Professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement on 3 September after the German invasion of Poland on 1 September. After the eight-month Phoney Warthe Germans launched their offensive in the West on 10 May Within days, it became clear that French military forces were overwhelmed and that military collapse was imminent.
Many officials, including Prime Minister Paul Reynaudwanted to move the government to French territories in North Africa and to continue the war with the French Navy and colonial resources. Others, particularly Vice-Premier Philippe Pétain and Commander-in-Chief General Maxime Weygandinsisted that the responsibility of the government was to remain in France and share the misfortune of its people; they called for an immediate cessation of hostilities, professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement.
While the debate continued, the government was forced to relocate several times to avoid capture by advancing German forces and finally reached Bordeaux. Communications were poor and thousands of civilian refugees clogged the roads. In those chaotic conditions, advocates of an armistice gained the upper hand. The Cabinet agreed on a proposal to seek armistice terms from Germany with the understanding that if Germany set forth dishonourable or excessively-harsh terms, France would retain the option to continue to fight.
General Charles Huntzigerwho headed the French armistice delegation, was told to break off negotiations if the Germans demanded the occupation of all of Metropolitan France, the French fleet, or any of the French overseas territories.
The Germans did not, however, make any of those demands. Prime Minister Reynaud favoured continuing the war but was soon outvoted by those who advocated an armistice, professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement. Facing an untenable situation, Reynaud resigned and, on his recommendation, President Albert Lebrun appointed the year-old Pétain as the new prime minister on 16 June The armistice with Germany was signed on 22 June A separate French agreement was reached with Italy, which had entered the war against France on 10 June, well after the outcome of the battle had been decided.
Adolf Hitler had a number of reasons for agreeing to an armistice. He wanted to ensure that France did not continue to professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement from North Africa and that the French Navy was taken out of the war.
In addition, leaving a French government in place would relieve Germany of the considerable burden of administering French territory, particularly as Hitler turned his attention toward Britain, which did not surrender and fought on against Germany.
Finally, as Germany lacked a navy sufficient to occupy France's overseas territories, Hitler's only practical recourse to deny the British the use of those territories was to maintain France's status as a de jure independent and neutral nation and to send a message to Britain professional resume writing services 7th arrondissement it was alone, with France appearing to switch sides and the United States remaining neutral.
However, German espionage against France after its defeat intensified greatly, particularly in southern France. The armistice divided France into occupied and unoccupied zones. Northern and western France, including the entire Atlantic coast, was occupied by Germany, and the remaining two-fifths of the country was under the control of the French government with the capital at Vichy under Pétain. Ostensibly, the French government administered the entire territory.
Top Resume Writing Services - prcv - Professional Resumes
, time: 0:41Vichy France - Wikipedia
Orson Scott Card's The Last Shadow is the long-awaited conclusion to both the original Ender series and the Ender's Shadow series, as the children of Ender and Bean solve the great problem of the Ender Universe—the deadly virus they call the descolada, which is incurable and will kill all of humanity if it is allowed to escape from Lusitania. One planet Cerca nel più grande indice di testi integrali mai esistito. Biblioteca personale modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Le livre numérique (en anglais: ebook ou e-book), aussi connu sous les noms de livre électronique et de livrel, est un livre édité et diffusé en version numérique, disponible sous la forme de fichiers, qui peuvent être téléchargés et stockés pour être lus sur un écran, (ordinateur personnel, téléphone portable, liseuse
No comments:
Post a Comment